Annotated+Bibliography

Hunt, Orlagh, et al. "The Psychosocial Effects of Clleft Lip and Palate: a Systematic Review." //European Journal of Orthodontics//. Oxford Journal, 2005. Web. 24 Sept. 2010. . Information: Author's credentials: Orlagh Hunt writes for an orthodontics magazine and works at the Orthodontic Division in School of Dentistry at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. He definitely seems to be an expert in the field of dentistry. The European Journal of Orthodontics is one of the leading periodicals in its field. Scope and purpose of the work: This is an informational report including an experiment, which includes the design of the experiment. The intended audience seems to be anyone who has had experience in the field of dentistry or psychology. However, it is easy to catch on to if you do not have a lot of experience in those fields. Summary: Hunt's thesis is that children with CLP (a cleft palate) experience psychological and social distress because of their condition. He believes that children with cleft palates have a low self esteem because of their looks and the lack of the ability to speak well. He provides several charts of different experiments, the study, the sample size, the method and if there was a general psychological problem within the sample size. He provides some evidence through his findings that children with CLP have anxiety issues, negative outlook, a greater dependence on others than children without CLP and many other psychological problems. However he does explain that a lot of other experiments out there do not show a lot of evidence of whether or not children with CLP suffer from more psychological disorders than children without CLP. Evaluation: -work is logical, clear and well researched. -Topic has been adequately addressed. -author is not biased, he provides an objective view on whether or not children with CLP are more likely to develop psychological disorders.

Reflection: This source was very relative to my topic. I learned a lot about the study itself and I did learn what kind of social and psychological problems a child with CLP could have. I could definitely use this as evidence through the psychological problems that he found in children. This was also a really good beginning source because it gave me knowledge of what has been documented about psychological problems found in children with CLP. Landson, PhD, R. "Psychological Problems of Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate: Discussion Paper." //Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine// 83 (July 1990): 448-450. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. .

Information: Author’s credentials: R. Landson has a PhD in psychology and works at the Hospital for Sick Children in London. I think this definitely qualifies him to speak about this subject.

Scope and purpose of the work: This is an informational work which includes many statistics and many different scenarios about children with facial deformities. The intended audience seems to be anyone who has interest in his work. However, he also gears it towards people who know children with CLP.

Summary: Landson explains that he does not really have a thesis. He explains that most people would think that children with facial deformities have more psychological problems than children without them. It turns out more studies show the opposite. He then talks about how children with CLP do not really have psychological problems until teachers and their peers treat them differently. For instance, a teacher may act as though a child is slow because of the facial deformity. This may make the child feel as though he is dumb. Another study he mentions looks into whether children with CLP feel more insecure about their voice than their looks. Surprisingly, it turns out they are more insecure about their voice. He also describes a study where people viewed different deformities and judged which deformities were more acceptable than others. In these studies deformities around the mouth were voted least acceptable, which he adds could lead to children with CLP to be more insecure about themselves. Lastly he describes two children with CLP. One who feels good about himself and is well behaved. The other has good behavior, but has terrible self esteem and tends to keep his hand over his mouth when he is in public. So essentially there are many contradictions in this study.

Evaluation: -Work is logical, clear and well researched. -Topic has been adequately addressed. -author is not biased; he provides an objective view on whether or not children with CLP are more likely to develop psychological disorders.

Reflection: I think this piece helped me shift my topic to whether if children with CLP have more psychological problems than children without facial deformities. I learned a lot from this article. For instance children with CLP are more concerned about how their voice sounds than what they look like. This is a great source for my paper.

Turner, S.R. "The Psychological Aspects of Cleft Lip and Palate." //European Journal of Orthodontics//. Oxford Journal, 1998. Web. 4 Oct. 2010. . Information: Author’s credentials: Turner works at the Division of Child Dental Health and the Bristol University Dental School in Bristol, Uk. To me someone who works at these places is definitely credible. He also writes for the European Journal of Orthodontics, which is one of the leading periodicals in its field. Scope and Purpose of Work: This is an informational report about the psychologies of people with cleft palates and parents of children with cleft palates. The report seems geared towards anyone who is interested and willing to learn about children with cleft palates or lips. Summary: Turner does not really express a thesis in his paper, he just lays out information from different studies and experiments. He first talks a lot about the parents of children with CLP and how their feelings are paramount in developing the child’s self esteem. He also explains that the parent’s first reactions are usually shock, confusion, guilt. Something I found that was interesting is that when the baby is born with CLP the mother may have trouble bonding to it because of the facial deformity. Parents of children with cleft palates are also more likely to develop stress and anxiety issues. Some parents report their children are more shy and socially inhibited. Turner later talks about how their appearance is critical to how they feel about themselves and are at risk of low self esteem. Self-esteem about speech is thought to be less significant than appearance. However, speech ranks highly in aspects which are likely to attract teasing. Turner also talks about how surgery normally produces higher self esteem rates in the individual. Evaluation: -work is logical, clear and well researched. -Topic has been adequately addressed. -author is not biased, he provides an objective view on whether or not children with CLP are more likely to develop psychological disorders. Reflection: Overall I learned a lot from this source. It was a lot of general information, which was actually very helpful because I am just getting into this topic so I don’t know a lot. This was a great background resource and I will definitely be using it in the future for my research project. It was also different from my other sources because it addressed how people felt after their surgery. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Clifford, PhD, Edward. //The Cleft Palate Experience//. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1987. Print. Information: The author, Dr. Edward Clifford is a professor of medical psychology and in the department of psychiatry and surgery. He is also the Co-Director of the Facial Rehabilitation Center and in the division of plastic, reconstructive, maxillofacial and Oral Surgery. He does all this at Duke University Medical Center. I think this definitely qualifies him to write about this subject. Scope and Purpose of Work: Clifford explains the purpose of his work is to explain that the children with CLP at the Duke University Medical Center did not have psychologists at the hospital for them. He then decided he wanted to research the psychological issues that are associated with CLP. He writes this to raise awareness of CLP. Summary: Clifford’s book is not thesis driven; he explains what he has observed in his patients with CLP. He first talks about what it is like on the floor at the hospital. Throughout the book, Clifford talks about parents with children who have a cleft palate and their struggles. He also goes through the surgery and complications. The biological effects include feeding, facial appearance, communication, speech, occlusal and dental functioning, hearing loss, and middle ear pathology. He then goes into how cleft palate infants are fed how they learn to talk. After that Clifford explains all the self esteem issues with body image and feelings with physical attractiveness. They also tend to be self conscious of how they sound too. Overall the book is very informative and goes thoroughly through all the subjects. Evaluation: -work is logical, clear and well researched. -Topic has been adequately addressed. -In this book there is nothing really to be biased about since he is just giving information he has observed in children with cleft palates. Reflection: Overall this book is very informative and will definitely be useful in writing my research paper. He goes through psychological disorders and what he has seen in children with cleft palates. This will definitely help me in my paper when I compare the psychological disorders with children with cleft palates and children who don’t.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">"Teasing and Reality." //Smile Train//. WideSmiles.org, 1997. Web. 14 Oct. 2010. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><http://medpro.smiletrain.org/library/images/652.htm>. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Information: A man named Shane responds to a mother’s question about her daughter who has a cleft palate. The daughter has been teased a lot and the mother looks for help. Shane definitely seems qualified, he has a bi-lateral cleft lip and palate so he knows what it’s like. He has also worked with emotionally disturbed youth and is trained in a branch of psychology called “Reality Therapy.” So he is definitely qualified. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Scope and Purpose: He writes this to a concerned mother who has a daughter with CLP. He also makes a point to talk about bullying and self esteem in children with CLP. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Summary: First Shane refers to ‘Reality Therapy’ which states that everyone has four basic needs. 1. Acceptance/Belonging, 2. Power/control, 3. Fun, 4. Freedom. In his letter, Shane makes a point to say that cleft children are different because they are always aware of “being different.” They cannot run away from their deformity and so teasing is something that is very hard to deal with. He also talks about how power and acceptance is something that almost all adolescents tend to fight for and for a cleft child that is very hard. He also uses this fact to explain why children tease others: to make themselves feel better. Shane also relates to his own life. He explains that through his deformity, he became more self reliant and explains that eventually she will learn to accept her cleft. However, he adds that when she is with doctors, the mother should make sure her daughter has a say in what’s going to, to ensure her that she has power in the situation. He lastly adds to help ensure that her “reality therapy needs are met” to ensure that she will learn to accept herself for who she is. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">Evaluation: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">-work is logical, clear and well researched. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">-Topic has been adequately addressed. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">-In this article/letter, you could argue that he was a little biased because he has had a cleft palate before, however he does seem to know a lot about psychology so it is pretty objective. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Reflection: Overall I think this article was very helpful because it was written by a man who has a cleft palate and lip. He definitely adds insight to the situation that the mother is dealing with with her daughter being teased. I think this will be very useful for my research because he explains that children with CLP are always aware that they are different than others because their deformity is easily noticed by them and everyone else around them.

Napoli, MD, DDS, Joseph A., and Linda Vallino, PhD, MS, CCC-SLP/A. "Cleft Lip and Palate." //Teens Health//. The Nemours Foundation, Feb. 2007. Web. 21 Oct. 2010. <http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/sight/ cleft.html#>. Information: The authors, Joseph A. Napoli and Dr. Linda Vallino both seem qualified because they both have at least a masters degree in this area. The scope and purpose of this article is it is an informational report and the intended audience seems to be anyone who is looking for imformation about what a cleft palate is and it’s effects. However, it seems to be geared more towards teenagers because the website is called Teens Health. Summary: The article is very informative. It does not have a specific thesis because it deals with health issues that are pretty straight forward. The article starts off explaining exactly what a cleft palate is and how it develops. It develops during the 6th to 10th week of pregnancy. There are different types of cleft palates. There are unilateral or bilateral and cleft lips, cleft palates or cleft lips and palates. It then goes on to explain what happesn to people who have cleft palates. Babies have difficulty eating and breathing. Also breastfeeding is very difficult because a normal palate prevents the food and liquid going up the nose when swalling. So when one has a cleft palate this makes it hard to prevent. Children with cleft palates and/or lips have many dental problems cavities and malformed teeth.Also children with CLP also are at risk for several ear infections because air and cluid can’t pass through the eustachian tubes. These are tubs that connect the throat and middle ear. In addition to these problems speaking may be very hard for them. They talk about the treatment of a CLP and the different doctors that are needed. They also add that psychological problems are associated with CLP as well. <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">Evaluation: <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">-work is logical, clear and well researched. <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">-Topic has been adequately addressed. <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">-Because it is a medical report there does not seem to be any bias. <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">Reflection: This article really helped my research because I just switched my topic to the physical and psychological effects of having a cleft palate. This gave a lot of general information about the medical aspect of CLP. The effects of CLP in here will definitely help my paper on why we need to help these children who have this deformity.

Beaumont, Diane. "A study into weight gain in infants with cleft lip/palate." //Paediatric Nursing// 20.6 (2008): 20+. //Expanded Academic ASAP//. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. Information: Diane Beaumont wrote this study about babies with cleft palates and whether their deformity keeps them from gaining weight. I trust this source because it shows all the studies. It is also in a journal called Paediatric Nursing, so it sounds reliable because it is a medical journal. Scope and Purpose: The scope and purpose seems to be anyone who is interested in the subject. This is also an informative and Summary: In this article Beaumont addresses the issue of weight gain and babies who are born with cleft palates and lips. Because of their condition, it is difficult for them to suck the milk from a breast or even a bottle, causing them to be underfed. The thesis seems to be just that babies with CLP are underweight because of their inability to eat/drink properly. Because the feeding is then prolonged because they have difficulty getting enough milk, the get more tired and are less able to grow, therefore, making it harder and harder to grow physically and mentally as human beings. Infants with CLP have been reported with levels of failure to thrive ranging between 44 and 49 percent and sometimes up to 75 percent. Beaumont reveals the statistics from all her studies in a couple charts. It is also shown that babies with CLP are born at a normal weight, but then the number becomes lower later. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">Evaluation: <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">-work is logical, clear and well researched. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">-Topic has been adequately addressed. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">-In this article, the work is not biased because it is based on medical research. There is definitely an even sample size and all requirements to have a fair experiment are taken. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">Reflection: I think this is a very important article for my research product because I am trying to convince people that surgery for children with cleft palates and/or lips is not just a cosmetic surgery that this is a real medical condition. There are babies who are going to have problems with brain development and growing physically because of this issue.

Sell, Debbie, Michael Mars, and Alex Habel. //Management of Cleft Lip and Palate// //in the Developing World//. England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2008. //Google// //Books//. Web. 21 Oct. 2010. <http://books.google.com/ books?id=0uh3qJybMzoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage &q&f=false>. Information: Debbie Sell, Michael Mars and Alex Habel all seem to be qualified authors. They all work with people with cleft palates at the North Thames Regional Cleft Unit, so I think they are absolutely qualified to write a book about CLP in developing countries. Scope and Purpose of work: This is a book that is geared towards people who are interested in CLP and how it is an international problem. It is definitely an informational and persuasive book on why it is important to treat this deformity. Summary: This book is about the international issue of CLP and how important it is to fix. It seems to compile many different articles about the issue of CLP, including one from Operation Smile. It talks about how it is of just cosmetic importance in some countries, but in others, where mortality rates are high, it is vital to survival. It addresses the surgery itself and the anesthesia that is needed to preform the surgery. THe book also addresses the psychological issues surrounding CLP and the physical issues. These include problems with speech, self esteem, brain development, facial development and problems in infants with eating and drinking. Evaluation: -Work is logical, clear and well researched -Topic is adequately addressed -Author is not biased Reflection: This book will be very useful in my research paper because it addresses all the problems with CLP and why it must be fixed. It clearly states that we need help in developing countries where there are more and more cases that are more and more damaging. This will definitely help my paper because it talks about how some people see it as a cosmetic surgery when it is very important to fix not because of the appearance, but for many other reasons as well.

<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Hooks, Jennifer. "Cleft Palate and the Effects on Language Development in Children." //Suite101//. Suite 101.com, May 5 2010. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. <http://www.suite101.com/content/cleft-palate-and-the-effects-on-language-development-in-children-a233247>. Information: This article seems reliable because the author, Jennifer Hooks, has an M.A. in Early Childhood Education, a B.A. in English, and a B.A. in Spanish. She also has written several articles for magazines and contributed to many books. She has written about a variety of subjects including Issues with children. She also provides a list of sources she used and they look legitimate as well. Scope and Purpose of work: This work is an informational report on the vocational and language difficulties that children with CLP face. She gears the audience to be anyone who is not aware of these difficulties. Summary: Hooks’ thesis is as well as many physical disorders, children born with CLP face problems in vocal development and language challenges. She explains in the beginning that speaking to most people is as easy as breathing and walking. She then gives a background on CLP, explaining how causes are unknown, but how it develops at about 35 days gestation. In children with CLP, the alveolar ridge is fissured and oral muscles are displaced in the mouth, which makes it difficult to speak. She also explains how this contributes to ear infections because fluid will build up in the middle ear making it hard to hear. Difficulty hearing makes it even difficult to talk because it is hard to imitate sounds when you can’t hear well. The fissure in the alveolar ridge causes problems with articulation as well. So letters t, d, n, s, z, l and r, are hard to speak. Then if the lips are cleft, the child will also have problems with p, b, m, f, v and w. In all, if the child is goes through the surgery, with the proper speech therapy they will be able to speak fine. <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">Evaluation: <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">-work is logical, clear and well researched. <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">-Topic has been adequately addressed. <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">-No bias <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;">Reflection: This report is very detailed about the effects CLP has on language and vocational skills, so it will be very helpful in my paper. I did not have much on the speech effects and this report is definitely appropriate. It is also up to date, which is definitely a plus.

<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tab-stops: 198.75pt; tabstops: 198.75pt;"> "Otitus Media and Complications." //Common ENT Problems//. GUI Visions, 2004. Web. 26 Oct. 2010. <http://www.pediatric-ent.com/learning/problems/ otitus.htm>. Information: This source is reliable because it is from a medical site about Pediatric Otolaryngology. I trust it to be correct in what it tells me. The website is also pretty up to date, so it is okay to use. Scope and Purpose of Work: The purpose of this work is to explain what Otitus Media is and what are the treatments/causes for it. It is geared towards parents who want to know what might be wrong with their child. Summary: In cases of CLP many children develop Otitus Media, which is essentially an ear infection in the middle of the ear. It is caused by persistent fluid behind the eardrum causing pressure in the ear. In children with cleft palates, this is more likely to occur because there is an abnormal insertion of the muscles to the tube that drains the middle ear. An untreated case of Otitus Media can result in a hole in the eardrum, hearing loss, mastoiditis and in some other cases meningitis. The article also discusses treatments for this ear infection and when someone should see a specialist. Evaluation: -work is logical, clear and well researched. -Topic has been adequately addressed. -Work is not biased Reflection: This is a good article and helpful because before I did not know what Otitus Media was. Apparently it is found a lot in children with CLP. In fact the risk for this is 50% in children with CLP. This will be useful because in my research project it is important to give all the information on CLP as possible.